Optimal Spectrum Utilization and Flow Controlling In Heterogeneous Network with Reconfigurable Devices

Fairness provisioning in heterogeneous networks is a prime issue for high-rate data flow, wherein the inter-connectivity property among different communication devices provides higher throughput. In Hetnet, optimal resource utilization is required for efficient resource usage. Proper resource allocation in such a network led to higher data flow performance for real-time applications. In view of optimal resource allocation, a resource utilization approach for a reconfigurable cognitive device with spectrum sensing capability is proposed in this paper.  The allocation of the data flow rate at device level is proposed for optimization of network fairness in a heterogeneous network.  A dynamic approach of rate-inference optimization is proposed to provide fairness in dynamic data traffic conditions. The simulation results validate the improvement in offered quality in comparison to multi-attribute optimization

Explaining Idiosyncratic Volatility Puzzle and Lottery-Like Stock with Extreme Returns: Evidence from Emerging Stock Market

This paper explores the possibility that idiosyncratic volatility may cause unexpectedly high levels of volatility in the Pakistani stock market. This study further analyzes the Pakistani stock market as there has been much discussion about the existence of a pervasive idiosyncratic volatility puzzle since the market as a whole low volatility stock has significantly grown. The study implemented the Fama-French six-factor model to the data of common stocks traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange between the time period of 2003 to 2020 in order to quantify idiosyncratic volatility. The expected return is then investigated as a possible explanation for the anomalous volatility. The authors discover that individual stock price swings are strongly linked to predicted returns. As the company-level factors have a strong explanatory power when it comes to explaining idiosyncratic volatility for equity returns, based on the findings of this study, we can conclude that the expected returns for firms with strong idiosyncratic volatility are extraordinarily high, and this problem disappears once firm-level factors are taken into account. Additionally, it is found that stocks with high skewness and high idiosyncratic volatility have underperformed the market over almost two decades.  Overall, our results imply that the mystery emerges because highly volatile equities are overvalued and then undergo a subsequent correction because of their high max effect/lottery properties. Investment lottery preferences and market frictions have been cited in the literature as possible causes of idiosyncratic volatility. An expected return measure for stocks as a proxy for the over-valuation of stock returns and discover the relevance of idiosyncratic volatility in solving the idiosyncratic volatility puzzle

Impacts of Parental Neglect on Personality Development and Behavioral Modifications of Children

The phenomenon of child neglect has been escalating rapidly with the transformation in family structure, evolution of single parental families, increasing number of working women and low socio-economic status of the parents. Educational neglect by the parents brings serious modifications in personality development and behavioral patterns of their children. Due to educational neglect by parents, the children become psychologically and emotionally demoralized and they are at the greater risk of cognitive impairment and behavioral fluctuations that result in their personality distortions. Cross sectional survey research design was used by the researcher to accumulate the data from 201 respondents through multistage sampling technique. The researcher applied t-test on the quantitative data to evaluate the difference between two means (responses of the male and female students). The researcher instituted that there were numerous factors which aggravate the parental neglection towards their children education. Such factors included parental remarriage, single parental families and financial stress on parents. After revering the analysis the researcher concluded that low grade attainment, frequent absenteeism from school, squat self esteem and personality distortion are the major outcomes of child neglect. In addition to this other behavior modifications such as social isolation, drug usage, antisocial behavior and recurrent depression are also pervasive behavioral modifications in neglected children. Enhancing parental involvement, increasing parental awareness as well as launching various family network and family assistance projects are the foremost remedies that can facilitate to prevail over the issue

An Empirical Research on Trade Libralization and Co2 Emission in Pakistan

This article examines the impact of carbon dioxide emission on trade liberalization in Pakistan. For this purpose we have used secondary data from 1980-2010. The variable were taken as CO2 emission and openness of trade. Granger causality test was applied to analyze the dynamic relationship between variables under study. Empirical results show that bi-directional causality is running between openness of trade (OT) and carbon dioxide emission (CO2)

FRACTAL COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE FOR COLOR IMAGES USING VARIABLE BLOCK

The main intention of Fractal Image Compression is to reduce the size of image and maintain good level of their reconstructed image. A major issue in Fractal Image Compression is decrease in image quality, compression ratio and PSNR. To overcome these issues we employ Fractal transformation with entropy coding. There are two phases in the proposed approach. In the first phase color images are separated into three RGB planes using variable range block size. In second phase by applying the inverse transform and iterative functions the image is restored. It is observed that the results are improving in fractal compression for both gray images as well as color images. In this work high CR and PSNR is observed compared to fixed block range and other existing methods. The proposed work yields better CR of 20 and high PSNR

2-(3-Benzoyl-4-hy­droxy-1,1-dioxo-2H-1λ6,2-benzothia­zin-2-yl)-1-phenyl­ethanone

In the title mol­ecule, C23H17NO5S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.383 (3) and 0.473 (3) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the ring C atoms. The phenyl rings attached to carbonyl groups lie almost parallel to each other at a dihedral angle 7.43 (9)°, the distance between the centroids of the rings being 3.780 (1) Å. The C(thia­zine)—C=O and O=C—CH2 groups make dihedral angles of 37.56 (16) and 1.93 (18)°, respectively, with the phenyl groups to which they are attached. The crystal structure features O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and further consolidated by C—H⋯π inter­actions; an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is also present

Airborne Infectious Agents and Other Pollutants in Automobiles for Domestic Use: Potential Health Impacts and Approaches to Risk Mitigation

Theworld total of passenger cars is expected to go fromthe current one billion to \u3e2.5 billion by 2050. Cars for domestic use account for ∼74% of the world’s yearly production ofmotorized vehicles. In North America, ∼80% of the commuters use their own car with another 5.6% travelling as passengers.With the current life-expectancy of 78.6 years, the average North American spends 4.3 years driving a car! This equates to driving 101 minutes/day with a lifetime driving distance of nearly 1.3 million km inside the confined and often shared space of the car with exposure to a mix of potentially harmful pathogens, allergens, endotoxins, particulates, and volatile organics. Such risks may increase in proportion to the unprecedented upsurge in the numbers of family cars globally. Though new technologies may reduce the levels of air pollution from car exhausts and other sources, they are unlikely to impact our in-car exposure to pathogens. Can commercial in-car air decontamination devices reduce the risk from airborne infections and other pollutants?We lack scientifically rigorous protocols to verify the claims of such devices. Here we discuss the essentials of a customized aerobiology facility and test protocols to assess such devices under field-relevant conditions

Impact of duration of antibiotic prophylaxis on rates of surgical site infection (SSI) in patients undergoing mastectomy without immediate reconstruction, comparing a single prophylactic dose versus continued antibiotic prophylaxis postoperatively: A multicentre, double-blinded randomised control trial protocol

Introduction: In breast surgeries, prophylactic antibiotics given before the surgical incision as per Joint Commission Surgical Care Improvement Project guidelines have been shown to decrease the rate of postoperative infections. There is, however, no clear consensus on postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing mastectomy with indwelling drains. This trial protocol proposes to study the difference in rates of surgical site infection (SSI) with or without continuation of postoperative antibiotics in patients undergoing mastectomy without immediate reconstruction and with indwelling drains.Methods and analysis: In this multicentre, double-blinded clinical trial, all patients undergoing mastectomy (without immediate reconstruction) will receive a single prophylactic dose of preoperative antibiotics at induction of anaesthesia and will then get randomised to either continue antibiotic prophylaxis or a placebo postoperatively, for the duration of indwelling drains. The primary and secondary outcomes will be development of an SSI and antibiotic-associated adverse effects, respectively. Data will be collected through a standard questionnaire by wound assessors. Intention-to-treat analysis will be carried out using STATA V.12. For categorical variables, frequencies and percentages will be assessed by χ2 test/Fisher\u27s exact test as appropriate. The quantitative variables will be computed by their mean±SD or median (IQR) and will be assessed by independent t-test/Mann-Whitney test as appropriate. Unadjusted and adjusted relative risk with their 95% CI will be reported using Cox proportional regression. A p value of \u3c0.05 will be considered statistically significant.Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval has been obtained from each site\u27s Ethical Review Board. The study background and procedure will be explained to the study participants and informed consent will be obtained. Participation in the study is voluntary. All data will be deidentified and kept confidential. The study findings will be published in scientific media and authorship guidelines of International Committee of Medical Journal Editors will be followed.Trial registration number: NCT04577846. (patient recruitment)

Control of a Prosthetic Arm Using fNIRS, a Neural-Machine Interface

Development in the field of bio-mechatronics has provided diverse ways to mimic and improve the function of human limbs. Without an elbow joint, the hand remains stiff because all the muscles tension passes through this joint. Advanced myoelectric prosthetic devices are limited due to the lack of appropriate signal sources on residual amputee muscles and insufficient real-time control. Neural-machine interfaces (NMI) are representing a recent approach to develop effective applications. In this research study, an NMI is designed that presents real-time signal processing for command generation. The human brain hemodynamic responses are, therefore, translated into control commands for people suffering from transhumeral amputation. A novel and first of its kind scheme is proposed which utilizes functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to generate the control commands for a three-degree-of-freedom (DOF) prosthetic arm. The time window for fNIRS signals was set to 1 second. The average accuracy was found to be 82% which is a state-of-the-art result for such a technique. The accuracy ranged from 65 to 85% subject-wise. The data were trained and tested on both artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Eight out of 10 motions were correctly predicted in real time by both classifiers